كريم ‏zarina

ninth Lesson

lectures and exercises of Wednesday, December 19, 2007

L IPID. oils and fats. Mono-, di-and triglycerides. Saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. Stearic acid, oleic, linoleic and linolenic acid.

Molecular Symmetry and melting points.

Terpenes: isoprene and related structures

Phospholipids and cell membranes. Fat as an energy source. Steroids. Acids bile. Cholesterol. Vitamin D. Sex hormones.

Practice:

Troubleshooting the subject of previous examinations.

The texts of these problems, where not shown, can be found below in this blog entry to exams.

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lesson

Lesson Thursday, December 13, 2007

Carbohydrates.
place of chlorophyll synthesis. Biosynthesis of carbohydrates from CO2 and H2O. Thermodynamics and kinetics of chemical reactions. Reactions between carbonyl compounds and alcohols. Formation of hemiacetals and acetals. Classification of carbohydrates. Monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides.

Stereochemistry . Steric series. The 4 aldotreosi. Eritrosio-D, L-Eritrosio, D-Treos, L-Treos. The 4-D aldopentosi: D-ribose, D-arabinose. D-xylose and D-Lixos. Formations and structures furanosidiche piranosidiche. Formation of anomeric. The aldoesosi belonging to the series steric D. D-Glucose, D-mannose and D-galactose. D-alpha-and beta-D-Glucopiranosio Glucopiranosio. Mutarotation. The O-glycosides. Methyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside. Methyl-alpha-D-glucopyranoside. Maltose, sucrose and lactose. Polysaccharides. Cellulose and starch.

Nucledi acids.
purine and pyrimidine bases. The N-glycosides. Nucleosides. Phosphate esters of nucleosides: nucleotides. A, G, T, C, U. Specificity of hydrogen bonds. Polynucleotides. Nucleic acids. RNA, DNA. Double helix of DNA. Mechanism of DNA replication. Genetic code and protein biosynthesis.

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8th 7th 6th Lesson Lesson

lectures and exercises: Wednesday, December 12

acid-base properties of organic molecules . Comparison of the basicity of pyrrole and pyridine. Scale of acidity. 2-Bromobutane acid, 3-bromo propionic acid, butyric acid, 2-methyl-1-butanol. Basicity scales. Aromatic amines and aliphatic amines. Aniline, 2-nitroaniline, dimethylamine, ethylamine, acetamide, 2,4-Dichlorotoluene; acetamide.

acid-base properties of organic molecules . Separation of a mixture of organic acid sfruttuando their basic properties. Acid 3,5-dimethylbenz, 2-chloro-4-metilanilina, 1,2-dimethyl-3-propylbenzene. Immiscibility between organic solvents and aqueous solutions. Using ET20 as a solvent and aqueous solutions of NaOH 0.1M and 3M HCl.

aminocarboxylates acids. alpha-amino acids, beta-amino acids, gamma-amino acids. Physical and chemical properties. Zwitterionic. The 20 proteinogenic amino acids. Stereochemistry. Steric series. L-amino acids. Absolute configurations. Valine, leucine and isoleucine. Threonine. L-cysteine, L-alanine. Acid (2S, 3R)-2-amino-3-hydroxybutanoic. Essential amino acids. Amino acids and diet. Acid-base properties. Isoelectric point of amino acids.

peptides. Symbolism to three letters for alpha-amino acids. Amide bond formation. Uniqueness of the peptide structures. Report of structural isomerism between the dipeptides Ala-Gly and Gly-Ala. Tetrapeptide Leu-Phe-Gly-Ala. Protein: Hemoglobin.

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Lesson of December 5, 2007

Aromaticity and aromatic compounds. Addition of halogens to alkenes. Addition of halogens to dienes. The hypothetical 1,3,5-cicloesatriene.

Benzene and resonance structures. Hydrogenation of cyclohexene, and the 1.3-cicloesadiene hypothetical 1,3,5-cicloesatriene.

Aromaticity as extra-stabilization. Nomenclature Di-substituted aromatic derivatives. Ortho, meta and para-xylene or dimethylbenzene.

Phenols. Stability of phenols in comparison to the enol. Acidity of phenols. Comparison acid phenol-cyclohexanol. Stabilization of resonance ion fenato. Substituted phenols. Increased acidity of p-nitrophenol compared to phenol. Resonance structures. Picric acid (2,4,6-trinitrophenol).

Exercise of December 5, 2007

Stereochemistry absolute and relative. D-lactic acid as a synonym acid (2 R)-idrossipropanoico.

D-tartaric acid, L-tartaric acid and meso-tartaric acid as synonyms (2S, 3S) (2R, 3R) and (2S, 3R)-diidrossisuccinici. Attribution of the absolute configuration in a Fisher projection.

aromatic compounds. Benzaldehyde, Vanillin, THC; Mescalina [2 - (3,4,5-trimetossifenil)-amminoetano] Anisole, 2,6-dichloro-anisole.

aromatic amines. 4-chloro-5-methyl-2-nitroaniline. Difference in basicity between aromatic amines and aliphatic amines.

Aniline and cyclohexylamine.

General rules to define the aroma of a molecular species. Cyclic structures, sp2 hybridization of carbon and Huckel rule (4n +2) pi electrons of the Greek.

Ciclobutadiene and 1,3-Naphthalene. 1,3,5-Cicloeptatriene. The case of the cation ciclopropenilico. Ion tropilio. Difference in acidity between 1 ,3-cyclopentadiene and cyclopentene.