كريم ‏zarina

ninth Lesson

lectures and exercises of Wednesday, December 19, 2007

L IPID. oils and fats. Mono-, di-and triglycerides. Saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. Stearic acid, oleic, linoleic and linolenic acid.

Molecular Symmetry and melting points.

Terpenes: isoprene and related structures

Phospholipids and cell membranes. Fat as an energy source. Steroids. Acids bile. Cholesterol. Vitamin D. Sex hormones.

Practice:

Troubleshooting the subject of previous examinations.

The texts of these problems, where not shown, can be found below in this blog entry to exams.

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lesson

Lesson Thursday, December 13, 2007

Carbohydrates.
place of chlorophyll synthesis. Biosynthesis of carbohydrates from CO2 and H2O. Thermodynamics and kinetics of chemical reactions. Reactions between carbonyl compounds and alcohols. Formation of hemiacetals and acetals. Classification of carbohydrates. Monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides.

Stereochemistry . Steric series. The 4 aldotreosi. Eritrosio-D, L-Eritrosio, D-Treos, L-Treos. The 4-D aldopentosi: D-ribose, D-arabinose. D-xylose and D-Lixos. Formations and structures furanosidiche piranosidiche. Formation of anomeric. The aldoesosi belonging to the series steric D. D-Glucose, D-mannose and D-galactose. D-alpha-and beta-D-Glucopiranosio Glucopiranosio. Mutarotation. The O-glycosides. Methyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside. Methyl-alpha-D-glucopyranoside. Maltose, sucrose and lactose. Polysaccharides. Cellulose and starch.

Nucledi acids.
purine and pyrimidine bases. The N-glycosides. Nucleosides. Phosphate esters of nucleosides: nucleotides. A, G, T, C, U. Specificity of hydrogen bonds. Polynucleotides. Nucleic acids. RNA, DNA. Double helix of DNA. Mechanism of DNA replication. Genetic code and protein biosynthesis.

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8th 7th 6th Lesson Lesson

lectures and exercises: Wednesday, December 12

acid-base properties of organic molecules . Comparison of the basicity of pyrrole and pyridine. Scale of acidity. 2-Bromobutane acid, 3-bromo propionic acid, butyric acid, 2-methyl-1-butanol. Basicity scales. Aromatic amines and aliphatic amines. Aniline, 2-nitroaniline, dimethylamine, ethylamine, acetamide, 2,4-Dichlorotoluene; acetamide.

acid-base properties of organic molecules . Separation of a mixture of organic acid sfruttuando their basic properties. Acid 3,5-dimethylbenz, 2-chloro-4-metilanilina, 1,2-dimethyl-3-propylbenzene. Immiscibility between organic solvents and aqueous solutions. Using ET20 as a solvent and aqueous solutions of NaOH 0.1M and 3M HCl.

aminocarboxylates acids. alpha-amino acids, beta-amino acids, gamma-amino acids. Physical and chemical properties. Zwitterionic. The 20 proteinogenic amino acids. Stereochemistry. Steric series. L-amino acids. Absolute configurations. Valine, leucine and isoleucine. Threonine. L-cysteine, L-alanine. Acid (2S, 3R)-2-amino-3-hydroxybutanoic. Essential amino acids. Amino acids and diet. Acid-base properties. Isoelectric point of amino acids.

peptides. Symbolism to three letters for alpha-amino acids. Amide bond formation. Uniqueness of the peptide structures. Report of structural isomerism between the dipeptides Ala-Gly and Gly-Ala. Tetrapeptide Leu-Phe-Gly-Ala. Protein: Hemoglobin.

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Lesson of December 5, 2007

Aromaticity and aromatic compounds. Addition of halogens to alkenes. Addition of halogens to dienes. The hypothetical 1,3,5-cicloesatriene.

Benzene and resonance structures. Hydrogenation of cyclohexene, and the 1.3-cicloesadiene hypothetical 1,3,5-cicloesatriene.

Aromaticity as extra-stabilization. Nomenclature Di-substituted aromatic derivatives. Ortho, meta and para-xylene or dimethylbenzene.

Phenols. Stability of phenols in comparison to the enol. Acidity of phenols. Comparison acid phenol-cyclohexanol. Stabilization of resonance ion fenato. Substituted phenols. Increased acidity of p-nitrophenol compared to phenol. Resonance structures. Picric acid (2,4,6-trinitrophenol).

Exercise of December 5, 2007

Stereochemistry absolute and relative. D-lactic acid as a synonym acid (2 R)-idrossipropanoico.

D-tartaric acid, L-tartaric acid and meso-tartaric acid as synonyms (2S, 3S) (2R, 3R) and (2S, 3R)-diidrossisuccinici. Attribution of the absolute configuration in a Fisher projection.

aromatic compounds. Benzaldehyde, Vanillin, THC; Mescalina [2 - (3,4,5-trimetossifenil)-amminoetano] Anisole, 2,6-dichloro-anisole.

aromatic amines. 4-chloro-5-methyl-2-nitroaniline. Difference in basicity between aromatic amines and aliphatic amines.

Aniline and cyclohexylamine.

General rules to define the aroma of a molecular species. Cyclic structures, sp2 hybridization of carbon and Huckel rule (4n +2) pi electrons of the Greek.

Ciclobutadiene and 1,3-Naphthalene. 1,3,5-Cicloeptatriene. The case of the cation ciclopropenilico. Ion tropilio. Difference in acidity between 1 ,3-cyclopentadiene and cyclopentene.

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Friday, November 30, 2007

Stereochemistry. Stereochemistry absolute and relative. The D-glyceraldehyde. L-glyceraldehyde. Fischer projections. Steric series. Molecules with two chiral centers. Assignment of absolute configurations in Fischer projections. Attribution of the absolute stereochemistry according to the rules of priority. Relation between relative and absolute stereochemistry. RX. The three tartaric acid. Forms meso. Molecules with multiple chiral centers. Fragrance of alcoholic solutions at 10% of R-limonene and D-limonene. Molecules with several chiral centers. Differences between enantiomers and diastereoisomers. Biological implications. D-glucose and L-Glucose.

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4th 5th Lesson Lesson Lesson

lectures and exercises of November 28, 2007

organic and inorganic acids. Nitric acid and nitrous acid. Structures of the resonances of nitrite and nitrate ions. Differences in acidity. Ka and pKa. Carboxylic acids. Difference in acidity between a carboxylic acid and alcohol. Butyric acid and 1-butanol. Substituted carboxylic acids. Chloroacetic acid, dichloroacetic and trichloroacetic. Acidity in Chemistry Organic. Comparison of the acidity of alcalni, alkenes and alkynes and related to the hybridization of carbon atoms.
hydroxy acids. Succinic acid, malic and tartaric. Lactic acids.

diatereoisomeri enantiomers. Definition chiral carbon. Interaction of chiral molecules with polarized light. Molecules with a chiral carbon. Lactic acid R-and S-lactic acid

Three-dimensional models. Molecules with two chiral carbons. 2n rule. The four stereoisomer of 2,3-dihydroxybutyrate. Assignment of absolute configuration according to the rules of priority.

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Wednesday, November 21, 2007

lectures and exercises

Functional Groups. Installing and using software in organic chemistry. Main functions. Molecules in 3D. Alcohols to 4 carbon atoms in molecular formula C 4 H ₁₀ O. Structural isomers. Relationship between structure and properties. A fragrance alcohol of formula C H 4 10 O. 10% ethanol solution of 1-butanol, 2-butanol, 2-methyl-1-propanol, 2-methyl-2-propanol.

aldehydes and ketones. Nomenclature.

derivatives of carboxylic acids: esters. Acid component and alcohol component. Nomenclature. Butyl acetate. Butyl butyrate.

nitrogen-containing organic compounds: amines. Sp3 hybridization of the nitrogen atom. Primary amines, secondary and tertiary. Nomenclature. Basic properties of the amines. Definition of Acids and Bases second Brønsted and Lewis.

Derivatives carboxylic acid: amides. Difference between amines and amides. Resonance. Organic molecules containing the amino group as substituent. Amino acids. Peptides. The amide bond. No rotation around the amide bond.

Alkyl halides.

Introduction to stereoisomerism. Alkenes. 1-butene, 2-butene. Geometrical isomers. The symbols E and Z. Rules of Priority. Applications.

polyenes. Beta-carotene